Everything below concerns 生长激素释放激素. We keep the language plain, cite what the science says, and separate well-supported claims from open questions.
Last reviewed on 2026-05-14. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
Development work on the compound, originally designated TH9507, focused on conditions in which reduced growth hormone signaling is thought to contribute to altered body composition. The United States Food and Drug Administration approved it in 2010 for the treatment of excess visceral abdominal fat in adults with human immunodeficiency virus infection and lipodystrophy. Later research examined other populations, including adults with mild cognitive impairment, where a large trial did not meet its primary endpoints. This mixed record illustrates how a single mechanism can produce clear effects in one setting and inconclusive results in another.
Several related peptides act on the same receptor, including sermorelin, a shorter GHRH fragment, and modified analogs such as CJC-1295 and modified GRF(1-29) that are common in research settings rather than approved products. Tesamorelin differs from growth hormone itself in that it acts upstream, prompting the pituitary to release the hormone through physiological signaling rather than supplying it directly. Terminology in the literature distinguishes GHRH analogs, growth hormone secretagogues, and recombinant growth hormone, although popular discussion often blurs these categories together. Precise naming matters when comparing study results.
Tesamorelin is a synthetic peptide of 44 amino acids that reproduces the sequence of human growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and carries a trans-3-hexenoyl group on its N-terminal tyrosine. That small fatty-acid modification blocks cleavage by dipeptidyl peptidase-4, the enzyme that rapidly degrades native GHRH in plasma. The result is a molecule with a longer circulating half-life than the natural hormone while retaining the same receptor target. It is supplied as a lyophilized powder for reconstitution and belongs to the broader class of GHRH analogs studied for effects on pituitary growth hormone secretion.
Tesamorelin occupies a narrow position among agents that act on the growth hormone axis. Unlike growth hormone itself, which is given as replacement, it stimulates the pituitary to release the hormone in pulses, so the downstream increase in insulin-like growth factor 1 depends on intact somatotroph function. Other peptides in the same family include shorter GHRH fragments and synthetic secretagogues with different stability profiles. Several points remain unresolved, including whether the reduction in visceral fat translates into fewer cardiovascular events, what happens to metabolic markers after long-term use, and how the drug compares with lifestyle or surgical approaches.
Tesamorelin is a synthetic peptide that belongs to the growth hormone-releasing hormone family and contains the same forty-four amino acid sequence as endogenous GHRH, extended at the amino terminus by a trans-3-hexenoyl group. That small fatty acid modification protects the peptide from rapid cleavage by dipeptidyl peptidase-4, the enzyme that shortens the half-life of native GHRH to only a few minutes. Chemically the compound is produced by solid-phase peptide synthesis, purified by chromatography, and supplied as a sterile lyophilized powder for reconstitution.
Regulatory approval in the United States came in 2010, when the Food and Drug Administration cleared the peptide for the reduction of excess abdominal fat in adults with HIV infection and associated lipodystrophy. The decision rested mainly on two randomized phase 3 trials that enrolled roughly eight hundred patients and ran for twenty-six weeks. Participants receiving active drug showed substantially greater declines in visceral adipose tissue than those receiving placebo, while total body weight changed comparatively little. A reformulated presentation was later approved, and the product has remained a niche therapy rather than a general weight-loss agent.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular class | Synthetic 44-residue GHRH analog | Sequence matches human GHRH(1-44); differs only at the N-terminus |
| Nominal molecular mass | Approximately 5,136 Da (free base) | Small variation arises from counterion and salt form |
| Appearance | White to off-white lyophilized powder | Supplied in single-use vials intended for reconstitution |
| Solubility class | Freely soluble in water | Practically insoluble in nonpolar organic solvents |
| Typical storage | 2 to 8 degrees Celsius, protected from light | Reconstituted material is handled according to label instructions |
Clinical interest in tesamorelin arose from the need to address visceral adiposity in people living with HIV. Antiretroviral therapy improved survival but was associated in some patients with central fat accumulation, altered lipid profiles, and metabolic complications. This condition, often called HIV-associated lipodystrophy, involves excess visceral adipose tissue that is difficult to manage through diet and exercise alone. Investigators evaluated tesamorelin because GHRH analogs can stimulate growth hormone secretion and influence fat distribution without direct liposuction or invasive procedures.
A Phase 3 program led to regulatory approval in the United States in 2010 for reduction of excess visceral abdominal fat in adults with HIV and lipodystrophy. Subsequent studies examined effects on liver fat, muscle area, and metabolic markers, with mixed findings for some endpoints. Long-term cardiovascular outcomes and effects on mortality remain uncertain because most trials were relatively short and focused on imaging-based fat measurements. Use in populations without HIV has been studied experimentally but is not part of the approved indication.
特沙莫瑞林是一种合成肽，其序列与人生长激素释放激素的 44 个氨基酸形式相关。它在 N 端带有反式-3-己烯酰基修饰，这一改动可减缓二肽基肽酶 IV 的降解。该化合物属于生长激素释放激素受体激动剂，可刺激垂体释放生长激素。研究文献通常将其归入合成肽类药物，而非小分子化合物。
监管记录显示，特沙莫瑞林于 2010 年在美国首次获得批准，用于人类免疫缺陷病毒感染相关的脂肪营养不良患者。批准依据来自降低内脏脂肪的临床试验，而非体重或瘦体重的普遍改善。后续出现了不同制剂版本，但其核心适应症保持一致。关于长期心血管结局和死亡率影响，现有证据仍不充分。
Binding of tesamorelin to GHRH receptors on pituitary somatotroph cells triggers cyclic AMP signaling and the release of growth hormone into circulation. Because the peptide acts upstream of the growth hormone axis, its effects are partly mediated by hepatic insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) production. The pulsatile character of endogenous growth hormone secretion is preserved rather than replaced. Whether amplified signaling produces effects beyond those of native GHRH remains an area of ongoing investigation.
A documented effect of tesamorelin is a reduction in visceral adipose tissue in some study populations. Researchers have reported decreases in trunk fat measured by computed tomography alongside changes in lipid markers. The mechanism is thought to involve growth hormone-mediated lipolysis, though the precise contribution of direct versus indirect pathways is not fully resolved. Studies have generally examined defined groups over finite periods, so long-term outcomes are less well characterized. Findings have not been uniform across all trials.
Tesamorelin is a synthetic peptide analog of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). Its sequence corresponds to the 44-amino-acid form of human GHRH with a trans-3-hexenoyl group attached to the N-terminal tyrosine. This modification slows enzymatic cleavage and extends the peptide's activity relative to the native hormone. The compound is produced by solid-phase peptide synthesis and supplied as a lyophilized powder. Researchers classify it as a GHRH receptor agonist. Its structure places it in the same family as other growth hormone secretagogues that act on the pituitary.
In particular, the silk of Catanzaro supplied almost all of Europe and was sold to Spanish, Venetian, Genoese, Florentine and Dutch merchants. Catanzaro became the European lace capital via a large silkworm breeding facility that produced all the laces and linens used in the Vatican. The city was known for its fabrication of silks, velvets, damasks and brocades.
(2026) describe a late Pliocene proboscidean and even-toed ungulate assemblage (the Dongyancun Fauna) from the Sanmenxia Basin (Zhongtiao Mountains; China), including the first reported Pliocene record of Leptobos in northern China, and providing evidence of composition of large herbivore assemblages in northern China shortly before Quaternary climate changes, arrival of true horses and appearance of Mammuthus meridionalis. Shidqi et al. (2026) review the fossil record of Pleistocene mammals from Sumatra (Indonesia), reporting evidence of presence of mammals with Indochinese and Sundaic affinities and evidence of limited taxonomic losses since the late Middle Pleistocene. Zhang et al. (2026) report the discovery of new fossil material of Early Pleistocene mammals from the Yeka locality in the Shangri-La region (Yunnan, China), and interpret the composition of the studied assemblage as indicative of an environment including a forest mixed with a grassland landscape. Linchamps et al. (2026) study the composition of the Early Pleistocene small mammal assemblage from the Gondolin GD2 locality (South Africa), interpreted as indicative of environments dominated by grassland and open savannas.
The OpenMS Proteomics Pipeline (TOPP) is a set of computational tools that can be chained together to tailor problem-specific analysis pipelines for HPLC-MS data. It transforms most of the OpenMS functionality into small command line tools that are the building blocks for more complex analysis pipelines. The functionality of the tools ranges from data preprocessing (file format conversion, baseline reduction, noise reduction, peak picking, map alignment,...) over quantitation (isotope-labeled and label-free) to identification (wrapper tools for Mascot, Sequest, InsPecT and OMSSA). TOPP is developed in the groups of Prof. Knut Reinert [1] at the Free University of Berlin and in the group of Prof. Kohlbacher [2] at the University of Tübingen. For more detailed information about the TOPP tools, see the TOPP documentation of the latest release and the TOPP publication in the references. The OpenMS Proteomics Pipeline is free software released under the 3-clause BSD license.
=== Volatile content determination in geological materials === FTIR spectroscopy is often used in geology to quantify volatile species, H2O and CO2, in minerals, glasses, and melt inclusions. Quantifying the concentrations of these volatiles is important, as these volatiles influence magma storage conditions, crystallization, degassing, and eruption style — all of which modulate the properties of magmas such as density and viscosity. In silicate glasses and melt inclusions, absorbance bands in the near- and mid-IR associated with H2O (dissolved in melts as OH- or H2O) and CO2 (dissolved in melts as CO32- or CO2) can be quantified into concentrations with the Beer-Lambert Law. In nominally anhydrous minerals, trace amounts of H+ are measured to understand mantle water storage and other magmatic processes.
Class A (or 1) (Rhodopsin-like) Class B (or 2) (Secretin receptor family) Class C (or 3) (Metabotropic glutamate/pheromone) Class D (or 4) (Fungal mating pheromone receptors) Class E (or 5) (Cyclic AMP receptors) Class F (or 6) (Frizzled/Smoothened) More recently, an alternative classification system called GRAFS (Glutamate, Rhodopsin, Adhesion, Frizzled/Taste2, Secretin) has been proposed for vertebrate GPCRs. They correspond to classical classes C, A, B2, F, and B. An early study based on available DNA sequence suggested that the human genome encodes roughly 750 G protein-coupled receptors, about 350 of which detect hormones, growth factors, and other endogenous ligands. Approximately 150 of the GPCRs found in the human genome have unknown functions. Some web-servers and bioinformatics prediction methods have been used for predicting the classification of GPCRs according to their amino acid sequence alone, by means of the pseudo amino acid composition approach. GPCRs are involved in a wide variety of physiological processes. Some examples of their physiological roles include:
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
==== History ==== Early measurements of thorium isomers were performed via gamma ray spectroscopy, producing the 29.5855 keV excited state of 229Th, and measuring the difference in emitted gamma ray energies as it decays to either the 229mTh (90%) or 229Th (10%) isomeric states. In 1976, Kroger and Reich sought to understand coriolis force effects in deformed nuclei, and attempted to match thorium's gamma-ray spectrum to theoretical nuclear shape models. To their surprise, the known nuclear states could not be reasonably classified into different total angular momentum quantization levels. They concluded that some states previously identified as 229Th actually arose from a spin-3/2 nuclear isomer, 229mTh, with a remarkably low excitation energy. At that time the energy was inferred to be below 100 eV, purely based on the non-observation of the isomer's direct decay. However, in 1990, further measurements led to the conclusion that the energy is almost certainly below 10 eV, making it one of the lowest known isomeric excitation energies. In the following years, the energy was further constrained to 3.5±1.0 eV, which was for a long time the accepted energy value. Improved gamma ray spectroscopy measurements using an advanced high-resolution X-ray microcalorimeter were carried out in 2007, yielding a new value for the transition energy of 7.6±0.5 eV, corrected to 7.8±0.5 eV in 2009. Earlier attempts to observe emitted photons had been doomed by a failure to consider two consequences of this higher energy:
Physiologically, eating is generally triggered by hunger, but there are numerous physical and psychological conditions that can affect appetite and disrupt normal eating patterns. These include depression, food allergies, ingestion of certain chemicals, bulimia, anorexia nervosa, pituitary gland malfunction and other endocrine problems, and numerous other illnesses and eating disorders. A chronic lack of nutritious food can cause various illnesses, and will eventually lead to starvation. While changes in appetite can result from various physical and psychological conditions, including depression, allergies, and anxiety; anorexia and bulimia are specific eating disorders that profoundly impact the entire body. In anorexia nervosa, people restrict their calorie intake out of fear of gaining weight. This malnutrition leads to an unhealthy weight, significantly impacting overall health. Bulimia is characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating, involving the consumption of a substantial amount of food within a short period. Subsequently, individuals engage in maladaptive behaviors, such as inducing vomiting, excessive physical activity, and using laxatives as compensatory measures. If eating and drinking is not possible, as is often the case when recovering from surgery, alternatives are enteral nutrition and parenteral nutrition.
The best-characterized reference (“type”) strain of S. boulardii is CBS 5926, which is also deposited under the culture collection numbers ATCC 74012 and CNCM I-745. This strain dominates commercial use of S. boulardii and is produced by the pharmaceutical company Biocodex; it has been evaluated in more than 90 randomized clinical trials. In addition to CNCM I-745, several manufacturers market S. boulardii supplements derived from distinct, often proprietary strains, including CNCM I-1079, CNCM I-3799, and DBVPG 6763, although it remains unclear whether it is genetically identical to CBS 5926.
The suspensory muscle of duodenum (also known as suspensory ligament of duodenum, Treitz's muscle or ligament of Treitz) is a thin muscle connecting the junction between the duodenum and jejunum (the small intestine's first and second parts, respectively), as well as the duodenojejunal flexure to connective tissue surrounding the superior mesenteric and coeliac arteries. The suspensory muscle most often connects to both the third and fourth parts of the duodenum, as well as the duodenojejunal flexure, although the attachment is quite variable. The suspensory muscle marks the formal division between the duodenum and the jejunum. This division is used to mark the difference between the upper and lower gastrointestinal tracts, which is relevant in clinical medicine as it may determine the source of gastrointestinal bleeding. The suspensory muscle is derived from mesoderm and plays a role in the embryological rotation of the gut, by offering a point of fixation for the rotating gut. It is also thought to help digestion by widening the angle of the duodenojejunal flexure. Superior mesenteric artery syndrome is a rare abnormality caused by a congenitally short suspensory muscle.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Founding === After their defeat at the convention, members of the two minority caucuses helped to found new socialist organizations. Harrington's Coalition Caucus created the Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee. The Debs Caucus, led by David McReynolds, formed the Union for Democratic Socialism. On May 30, 1973, the UDS incorporated the Socialist Party of the United States of America. Many activists from the local and state branches of the old Socialist Party of America, including the party's Wisconsin, California, Illinois, New York City, Philadelphia and Washington, D.C. organizations, participated in the reconstitution of SPUSA. After its founding, the party promoted itself as the legitimate heir of the Socialist Party of America. SPUSA elected Frank Zeidler, former Mayor of Milwaukee, as its first national chairperson. Later, SPUSA nominated Zeidler for President. Zeidler believed the party would be able to collaborate with other socialist parties nationwide to spread the message of socialism.
=== Lewis acid === SO3 is a strong Lewis acid readily forming adducts with Lewis bases. With pyridine, it gives the sulfur trioxide pyridine complex. Related adducts form from dioxane and trimethylamine.
For the 2005 sequel The Ring Two, Chase was credited due to the use of archival footage from the first film, although actress Kelly Stables performed all the new on-screen material and motion capture for Samara. Between 2003 and 2004, Chase held a main cast role as Joyce, the quirky girlfriend of the title character, in the Fox period sitcom Oliver Beene. Her other notable credits during this period included the direct-to-video film Beethoven's 5th (2003) and the romantic comedy Carolina (2003), in which she played the younger version of Julia Stiles' character.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It is a synthetic peptide built from 44 amino acids arranged in the same order as human growth hormone-releasing hormone. A short fatty-acid chain, described as a trans-3-hexenoyl group, is attached to the first amino acid. The finished molecule is formulated as a sterile powder that is dissolved before use.
No. It is a releasing-factor analog that signals the pituitary gland to secrete growth hormone, whereas recombinant growth hormone is the hormone itself administered directly. The two are chemically distinct and act at different points in the same endocrine pathway. This distinction is often lost in informal discussion.
Native growth hormone-releasing hormone is broken down within minutes by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 in the bloodstream. Adding the hexenoyl group at the N-terminus shields the peptide from that enzyme. The modification does not change the receptor it targets, only how long the peptide survives in circulation.
It is a laboratory-made peptide of forty-four amino acids whose sequence matches human growth hormone-releasing hormone, with a modified amino terminus. The modification is a short unsaturated fatty acid chain attached to the first residue. This change slows enzymatic breakdown and lengthens the time the peptide stays active in circulation.