The short version of trans-3-hexenoyl fits in a sentence. The long version — which is the one that helps — is below.
Reviewed 2025-08-24. Anything still debated is marked as such rather than presented as settled.
Several compounds share the GHRH framework, including sermorelin, the shorter 1-29 fragment, and other analogs built on the full 1-44 chain. Naming follows a common convention: a stem that identifies the peptide plus a suffix marking analog status. Reports may describe tesamorelin by its sequence fragment, as a GHRH(1-44) analog, or by its amino-terminal modification. Indexing the compound therefore requires searching all of these forms, since some older literature predates the current international nonproprietary name.
Tesamorelin is a synthetic peptide built from 44 amino acids and classified with the growth hormone–releasing hormone family. Its sequence corresponds to the human GHRH(1-44) backbone, carrying one structural change at the amino terminus. That change is a trans-3-hexenoyl group placed where the natural peptide would have an unmodified end. The modification is the feature that separates the compound from the endogenous hormone in name, in stability, and in how it is handled in the laboratory.
Development work on the compound, originally designated TH9507, focused on conditions in which reduced growth hormone signaling is thought to contribute to altered body composition. The United States Food and Drug Administration approved it in 2010 for the treatment of excess visceral abdominal fat in adults with human immunodeficiency virus infection and lipodystrophy. Later research examined other populations, including adults with mild cognitive impairment, where a large trial did not meet its primary endpoints. This mixed record illustrates how a single mechanism can produce clear effects in one setting and inconclusive results in another.
Several related peptides act on the same receptor, including sermorelin, a shorter GHRH fragment, and modified analogs such as CJC-1295 and modified GRF(1-29) that are common in research settings rather than approved products. Tesamorelin differs from growth hormone itself in that it acts upstream, prompting the pituitary to release the hormone through physiological signaling rather than supplying it directly. Terminology in the literature distinguishes GHRH analogs, growth hormone secretagogues, and recombinant growth hormone, although popular discussion often blurs these categories together. Precise naming matters when comparing study results.
Tesamorelin is a synthetic peptide of 44 amino acids that reproduces the sequence of human growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and carries a trans-3-hexenoyl group on its N-terminal tyrosine. That small fatty-acid modification blocks cleavage by dipeptidyl peptidase-4, the enzyme that rapidly degrades native GHRH in plasma. The result is a molecule with a longer circulating half-life than the natural hormone while retaining the same receptor target. It is supplied as a lyophilized powder for reconstitution and belongs to the broader class of GHRH analogs studied for effects on pituitary growth hormone secretion.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical class | Synthetic peptide | GHRH analog family |
| Residue count | 44 amino acids | Matches human GHRH(1-44) backbone |
| N-terminal group | trans-3-hexenoyl | Main structural difference from native hormone |
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Lyophilized solid form |
| Solubility class | Freely soluble in water | Peptide character; less soluble in organic solvents |
Interest in this peptide developed because native GHRH has a short circulating lifetime. The N-terminal modification slows cleavage by dipeptidyl peptidase IV, an enzyme that removes the first two residues of many peptides and terminates their activity. Slower degradation means a longer window of receptor stimulation per administration. This design logic parallels other modified peptide hormones, where a small chemical change at a vulnerable site yields a more durable molecule without altering the core mechanism of action.
The peptide is synthesized chemically rather than extracted from biological sources. Solid-phase synthesis builds the chain from the C-terminus toward the N-terminus, after which the hexenoyl group is attached. Purity is typically assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography, and identity is confirmed by mass spectrometry. Regulatory review of the finished product focuses on these analytical controls, since small deviations in sequence or modification can change biological activity. Questions about long-term effects on the pituitary axis remain areas of continued investigation.
After injection, the peptide binds receptors on somatotroph cells in the anterior pituitary. Receptor activation raises intracellular cyclic AMP and triggers release of stored growth hormone into the bloodstream. Because the compound works through the body's own regulatory system, growth hormone pulses retain much of their normal feedback control. Repeated administration also raises insulin-like growth factor 1, a hormone produced mainly in the liver. Investigators treat that rise as a marker that the pituitary axis has been engaged.
Clinical study of tesamorelin has centered on adults with HIV-associated lipodystrophy, a condition in which abdominal fat accumulates while peripheral fat is lost. In controlled trials, treated participants showed reductions in visceral adipose tissue measured by imaging, alongside modest shifts in some lipid values. Effects on subcutaneous fat were smaller and less consistent across studies. Whether these changes translate into fewer cardiovascular events remains an open question, because the trials were not designed or powered to answer it.
特沙莫瑞林是一种合成肽，其序列与人生长激素释放激素的 44 个氨基酸形式相关。它在 N 端带有反式-3-己烯酰基修饰，这一改动可减缓二肽基肽酶 IV 的降解。该化合物属于生长激素释放激素受体激动剂，可刺激垂体释放生长激素。研究文献通常将其归入合成肽类药物，而非小分子化合物。
监管记录显示，特沙莫瑞林于 2010 年在美国首次获得批准，用于人类免疫缺陷病毒感染相关的脂肪营养不良患者。批准依据来自降低内脏脂肪的临床试验，而非体重或瘦体重的普遍改善。后续出现了不同制剂版本，但其核心适应症保持一致。关于长期心血管结局和死亡率影响，现有证据仍不充分。
== B == B cell - bacteria - bacterial conjugation - bacterial outer membrane protein - bacterial protein - bacteriorhodopsin - base (chemistry) - base pair - base sequence - basic fibroblast growth factor - Bcl-2 - bcr-abl fusion protein - benzene - benzene ring - beta-2 microglobulin - beta adrenergic receptor - beta sheet - beta-1 adrenergic receptor - beta-2 adrenergic receptor - beta-thromboglobulin - bioaccumulation - biochemistry - biodiversity - bioethics - biogenic amine receptor - bioinformatics - biological membrane - biologist - biology - biomechanics - biomedical model - biomolecule - biophysics - biopolymer - biosalinity - biotechnology - BLAST - blood proteins - boiling point - Boltzmann distribution - Boltzmann principle - bombesin - bombesin receptor - bone morphogenetic protein - bradykinin - bradykinin receptor - BRCA1 - buffer solution
== Synthesis == Etonitazene and related nitazene opioids were discovered in the late 1950s, by a team of Swiss researchers working at the pharmaceutical firm CIBA (now Novartis). One of the first compounds investigated by the Swiss team was 1-(β-diethylaminoethyl)-2-benzylbenzimidazole, which was found to possess 10% of the analgesic activity of morphine when tested in rodent bioassays. This finding encouraged the group to begin a comprehensive systematic study of 2-benzylbenzimidazoles and to establish the structure-activity relationship of this new family of analgesics. Two general synthetic methods were developed for the preparation of these compounds. The first method involved the condensation of o-phenylenediamine with para-ethoxy-phenylacetonitrile to form a 2-benzylbenzimidazole. The benzimidazole is then alkylated with the desired 1-chloro-2-dialkylaminoethane, forming the final product. This particular procedure was most useful for the preparation of benzimidazoles that lacked substituents on the benzene rings. A diagram of this method is displayed below.
== Properties == Like other biomaterials, resilin is a hydrogel, meaning it is swollen with water. The water content of resilin at neutral pH is 50–60%, and the absence of this water will make a big difference on the material's property: while the hydrated resilin behaves like a rubber, the dehydrated resilin has the properties of a glassy polymer. However, dehydrated resilin is able to return to its rubbery state if water is available. Water serves as a plasticizer in resilin network by increasing the amount of hydrogen bonds. The high concentration of proline and glycine, polyproline helices, and hydrophilic portions all serves to increase water content in resilin protein network. The increase in hydrogen bonds lead to an increase in chain mobility, thus decreases glass transition temperature. The more water content is in resilin network, the less stiff and more resilient the material is. Dehydrated resilin behaves as a glass polymer with low stiffness, strain, and resilience, but a relatively high compressible modulus and glass transition temperature. Rubber like proteins, such as resilin and elastin, are characterized based on their high resilience, low stiffness, and large strain. A high resilience indicate that a sufficient amount of energy input can be stored in the material, and released afterwards. An example of energy input is to stretch the material. Natural resilin (hydrated) has a resilience of 92%, which means it can store 92% of the energy input for release during unloading, indicating a very efficient energy transfer.
=== Effects on ozone layer === Sulfur dioxide aerosols in the stratosphere can contribute to ozone depletion in the presence of chlorofluorocarbons and other halogenated ozone-depleting substances. The effects of volcanic eruptions containing sulfur dioxide aerosols on the ozone layer are complex, however. In the absence of anthropogenic or biogenic halogenated compounds in the lower stratosphere, depletion of dinitrogen pentoxide in the middle stratosphere associated with its reactivity to the aerosols can promote ozone formation. Injection of sulfur dioxide and large amounts of water vapor into the stratosphere following the 2022 eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Haʻapai resulted in altered atmospheric circulation that promoted a decrease in ozone in the southern latitudes but an increase in the tropics. The additional presence of hydrochloric acid in eruptions can result in net ozone depletion.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Lipid biosynthesis == In addition to dietary fats, storage lipids stored in the adipose tissues are one of the main sources of energy for living organisms. Triacylglycerols, lipid membrane, and cholesterol can be synthesized by the organisms through various pathways.
Penn Station does not have a unified design or floor plan but rather is divided into separate Amtrak, LIRR and NJ Transit concourses with each concourse maintained and styled differently by its respective operator. The Amtrak and NJ Transit concourses are located on the first level below the street level while the Long Island Rail Road concourse is two levels below street level. The layout has been called a "confusing, multilevel maze of corridors," even prompting Amtrak at one point to release an app to assist commuters in navigating the station. Platform widths vary, with eight of the 11 platforms in the range of 19–20 feet wide. Platform 6 is the narrowest, at 17 feet, while Platform 1 is slightly wider, at 22 feet. Platform 10 is the widest platform, used exclusively by LIRR and nominally 38 feet wide. The main concourse, which was principally used by Amtrak until the opening of the Moynihan Train Hall in 2021, is at the west end of the block directly beneath Madison Square Garden and now used principally by NJ Transit. It was created out of the original station's waiting rooms and main concourse, though few remnants of the original still exist in the space. It was renovated in the early 2000s in anticipation of Acela service and includes an enclosed waiting area for ticketed passengers with seats, outlets and Wi-Fi.
The earliest published work on growing terrestrial plants without soil was the 1627 book Sylva Sylvarum or 'A Natural History' by Francis Bacon, printed a year after his death. As a result of his work, water culture became a popular research technique. In 1699, John Woodward published his water culture experiments with spearmint. He found that plants in less-pure water sources grew better than plants in distilled water. By 1842, a list of nine elements believed to be essential for plant growth had been compiled, and the discoveries of German botanists Julius von Sachs and Wilhelm Knop, in the years 1859–1875, resulted in a development of the technique of soilless cultivation. To quote von Sachs directly: "In the year 1860, I published the results of experiments which demonstrated that land plants are capable of absorbing their nutritive matters out of watery solutions, without the aid of soil, and that it is possible in this way not only to maintain plants alive and growing for a long time, as had long been known, but also to bring about a vigorous increase of their organic substance, and even the production of seed capable of germination." Growth of terrestrial plants without soil in mineral nutrient solutions was later called "solution culture" in reference to "soil culture". It quickly became a standard research and teaching technique in the 19th and 20th centuries and is still widely used in plant nutrition science.
set up a laboratory in the kitchen and woodshed of an old house in Washington near the area now occupied by buildings of the Department of Agriculture and there completed their researches on butter. This was the first dairy products research laboratory in Washington. Lore Rogers completed his first publications on butter. About this time he was elected to the Society of American Bacteriologists and in Washington married Beatrice Oberly, who was employed as bureau librarian. "Fishy Flavor in Butter" and "The Influence of Acidity of Cream on the Flavor of Butter" were published next. In 1909 the Dairy Research Laboratories were finally created and placed under the direction of Lore Rogers. His son, John Oberly Rogers, was born the same year. In 1911 he was selected as an official delegate representing the United States at the International Dairy Congress meeting at Stockholm. A publication on the spoiling of butter was published by the United States Department of Agriculture. By 1914 he was developing a procedure for preserving bacterial cultures by removing gas while in their frozen state. A few years later the United States Army would adopt the technique in the preparation of typhoid vaccines during World War I. In 1916 Lore Rogers became an advisory editor of the Journal of Bacteriology. A year later he was secretary of the Washington Branch of the Society of American Bacteriologists. In 1920 and 1921 he published articles on the manufacture of sweetened condensed milk and evaporated milk. In 1920 and 1922 he served as president of the American Society of Bacteriologists.
Acquired progressive lymphangioma (benign lymphangioendothelioma) Acral fibrokeratoma (acquired digital fibrokeratoma, acquired periungual fibrokeratoma) Acrochordon (cutaneous papilloma, cutaneous tag, fibroepithelial polyp, fibroma molluscum, fibroma pendulum, papilloma colli, skin tag, soft fibroma, Templeton skin tag) Adenoma sebaceum Adult type of generalized eruption of cutaneous mastocytosis African cutaneous Kaposi sarcoma African lymphadenopathic Kaposi sarcoma Aggressive infantile fibromatosis AIDS-associated Kaposi sarcoma Ainhum (bankokerend, dactylolysis spontanea, sukhapakla) Angiofibroma Angiokeratoma Angiokeratoma of Fordyce (angiokeratoma of the scrotum and vulva) Angiokeratoma of Mibelli (Mibelli's angiokeratoma, telangiectatic warts) Angioleiomyoma (vascular leiomyoma) Angiolipoleiomyoma Angiolipoma Angioma serpiginosum Angiosarcoma Aponeurotic fibroma (calcifying aponeurotic fibroma, juvenile aponeurotic fibroma) Atypical fibroxanthoma Benign lipoblastomatosis (embryonic lipoma) Buschke–Ollendorff syndrome (dermatofibrosis lenticularis disseminata) Capillary aneurysms Carcinoid Cellular angiofibroma Cherry angioma (De Morgan spot, senile angioma) Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis (chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis) Chondroid lipoma Chordoma Classic Kaposi sarcoma Collagenous fibroma (desmoplastic fibroblastoma) Composite hemangioendothelioma Connective tissue nevus (collagenoma, elastoma, shagreen patch) Cutaneous endometriosis Cutaneous meningioma (heterotopic meningeal tissue, rudimentary meningocele) Cutaneous myelofibrosis Cutaneous myxoma Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita (congenital generalized phlebectasia, Van Lohuizen syndrome) Dermal dendrocyte hamartoma Dermatofibroma (benign fibrous histiocytoma, dermal dendrocytoma, fibrous dermatofibroma, fibrous histiocytoma, fibroma simplex, histiocytoma, nodular subepidermal fibrosis, sclerosing hemangioma) Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans Desmoid tumor Diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis Diffuse infantile fibromatosis Dupuytren's contracture (Dupuytren's diathesis, Dupuytren's disease, palmar fibromatosis) Eccrine angiomatous hamartoma Elastofibroma dorsi Endovascular papillary angioendothelioma (Dabska tumor, Dabska-type hemangioendothelioma, hobnail hemangioendothelioma, malignant endovascular papillary angioendothelioma, papillary intralymphatic angioendothelioma) Epithelioid cell histiocytoma Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma Epithelioid sarcoma Erythrodermic mastocytosis Extraskeletal chondroma (chondroma of soft parts) Familial myxovascular fibromas Fascial hernia Fibroma of tendon sheath Fibromatosis colli (sternomastoid tumor of infancy) Fibrous hamartoma of infancy Fibrous papule of the nose (benign solitary fibrous papule, fibrous papule of the face) Folded skin with scarring (Michelin tire baby syndrome) Fordyce's spot (Fordyce's disease) Ganglion cyst Ganglioneuroma Gardner fibroma Genital leiomyoma (dartoic leiomyoma) Giant cell fibroblastoma Giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath (giant cell synovioma, localized nodular tenosynovitis, pigmented villonodular synovitis) Glomeruloid hemangioma Glomus tumor (glomangioma, solid glomus tumor, solitary glomus tumor) Granular cell tumor (Abrikossoff's tumor, Abrikossov's tumor, granular cell myoblastoma, granular cell nerve sheath tumor, granular cell schwannoma) Hamartoma Hemangiopericytoma Hemangiosarcoma Hibernoma (fetal lipoma, lipoma of embryonic fat, lipoma of immature adipose tissue) Hypertrophic scar Immunosuppression-associated Kaposi sarcoma Infantile digital fibromatosis (inclusion body fibromatosis, infantile digital myofibroblastoma, Reye tumor) Infantile hemangiopericytoma (congenital hemangiopericytoma) Infantile myofibromatosis (congenital generalized fibromatosis, congenital multicentric fibromatosis) Infantile systemic hyalinosis (juvenile systemic hyalinosis) Intradermal spindle cell lipoma Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia (Masson's hemangio-endotheliome vegetant intravasculaire, Masson's lesion, Masson's pseudoangiosarcoma, Masson's tumor, papillary endothelial hyperplasia) Juvenile hyaline fibromatosis (fibromatosis hyalinica multiplex juvenilis, Murray–Puretic–Drescher syndrome) Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma (infantile kaposiform hemangioendothelioma) Kasabach–Merritt syndrome (hemangioma with thrombocytopenia) Keloid (Keloidal scar) Keratinizing metaplasia Keratocyst Klippel–Trenaunay syndrome (angioosteohypertrophy syndrome, hemangiectatic hypertrophy) Knuckle pads (heloderma) Leiomyosarcoma Lipoma Liposarcoma (atypical lipoma, atypical lipomatous tumor) Lymphangiectasis (lymphangioma) Lymphangiomatosis Malignant fibrous histiocytoma Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (malignant schwannoma, neurofibrosarcoma, neurosarcoma) Mast cell sarcoma Meningocele Metastatic carcinoma Microvenular hemangioma (microcapillary hemangioma) Midline nevus flammeus (angel's kiss, salmon patch) Multifocal lymphangioendotheliomatosis (congenital cutaneovisceral angiomatosis with thrombocytopenia, multifocal lymphangioendotheliomatosis with thrombocytopenia) Multinucleate cell angiohistocytoma Multiple cutaneous and uterine leiomyomatosis syndrome (leiomyomatosis cutis et uteri, multiple leiomyomatosis, Reed's syndrome) Multiple cutaneous leiomyoma (pilar leiomyoma) Neural fibrolipoma Neuroblastoma (infantile neuroblastoma, neuroepithelioma) Neuroma cutis Neurothekeoma (bizarre cutaneous neurofibroma, cutaneous lobular neuromyxoma, myxoma of the nerve sheath, myxomatous perineurioma, nerve sheath myxoma) Nevus flammeus (capillary malformation, port-wine stain) Nevus flammeus nuchae (stork bite) Nevus lipomatosus superficialis (nevus lipomatosis of Hoffman and Zurhelle) Nevus oligemicus Nodular fasciitis (nodular pseudosarcomatous fasciits, pseudosarcomatous fasciitis, subcutaneous pseudosarcomatous fibromatosis) Oral submucous fibrosis Pachydermodactyly Palisaded encapsulated neuroma Paraneoplastic syndrome Pearly penile papules (hirsuties coronae glandis, hirsutoid papillomas) Peyronie's disease (induratio penis plastica) Phakomatosis pigmentovascularis Piloleiomyoma Plantar fibromatosis (Ledderhose's disease) Pleomorphic fibroma Pleomorphic lipoma Plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor Porokeratotic eccrine ostial and dermal duct nevus Progressive nodular histiocytoma Proliferating angioendotheliomatosis Prominent inferior labial artery Pseudo-ainhum
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
No. It is a peptide that acts upstream of growth hormone release, while growth hormone is the hormone itself. The two differ in size, in receptor, and in how the body clears them.
It blocks the amino-terminal degradation step that limits native GHRH. The addition extends how long the peptide survives in plasma without removing its ability to activate the receptor.
The chain contains 44 amino acid residues. It matches the human GHRH(1-44) sequence apart from the amino-terminal modification.
It is a synthetic peptide built from 44 amino acids arranged in the same order as human growth hormone-releasing hormone. A short fatty-acid chain, described as a trans-3-hexenoyl group, is attached to the first amino acid. The finished molecule is formulated as a sterile powder that is dissolved before use.